OTTAWA - After years of riding surging metal prices and spending freely on takeover deals and massive new projects, Canadian miners were forced to tighten their belts in 2013 as the cycle turned against them.

The industry took billions in write downs as companies re-evaluated projects that they believed were worth far more just a couple of years ago and slashed spending as falling commodity prices squeezed margins.

But it wasn't just financial problems for the miners, as political and environmental issues made headlines around the world for several Canadian mining companies.

The largest company to face problems was Barrick Gold, which suspended nearly all of the work at its massive Pascua-Lama project high in the Andes mountain range.

The halt followed massive cost overruns and protests from an indigenous community living below the project who tried to have Barrick's licence revoked and force a new environmental impact study

The Supreme Court of Chile stopped short of ordering a new review and upheld the environmental permit, but put construction on hold until Barrick's environmental commitments and work to protect the water systems is completed.

Jamie Kneen, of industry watchdog group MiningWatch Canada, said technology has made it easier for groups opposing mining projects to organize and disseminate information, even in remote areas around the globe.

"The level of awareness and information has been much greater than its ever been," Kneen says.

"There's whole countries that didn't have mining industries before, like Mali and Senegal and Burkina Faso."

Kneen said companies are now looking to develop projects in new, less accessible areas where indigenous people can be more protective of their culture and environment.

The rise of social and environmental concerns have come at a time of volatile commodity prices.

The price of gold, which broke US$1,900 an ounce in 2011, fell to around US$1,200 this year, while the price of silver, which started the year around US$32 per ounce, fell below $19.

Copper, which traded for about US$3.70 per pound at the start of 2013, was down about 40 cents for the year.

In Mongolia, Turquoise Hill suspended work on development of the underground copper mine at its Oyu Tolgoi project after the Mongolian government said financing for the project would require parliamentary approval.

And Gabriel Resources also faced a significant set back at its Rosia Montana project after a draft bill that specifically would have allowed what would be one of Europe's biggest gold mining projects go ahead was rejected by a Romanian parliamentary commission.

The rejection followed weeks protests in that country over environmental concerns and criticism that Romania would earn too little from the deal.

In a recent report, Deloitte noted a trend of intensifying local community demands and government relations marked by rising hostility and zero tolerance regulatory environments.

Jurgen Beier, a national mining practice leader at Deloitte, said that 20 years ago mining companies took a more adversarial approach to environmental and social issues, but they are learning.

"I think something that the mining companies have learned is that they actually have to start seeing the governments as partners way earlier on in the process," he said.

Gabriel Resources chief Jonathan Henry says there is still hope for his project as there has been talk about the possibility of a broader legal framework for mine development. But shareholders are running out of patience.

Without progress by the Romanian government, Henry says Gabriel will be forced to do something "radically different."

Henry conceded that the downturn in the market for the mining industry has opened up an opportunity for some non-governmental organizations seeking improvements.

"Those who are trying to make mining better certainly have more of their say when things are not in a boom market because there isn't that demand for metals," he said.

"So I don't think the period we are in now is bad for our industry and I think there is a lot of learning."

News from © The Canadian Press, 2013