FILE - In this Sept. 4, 2018 file photo, White House counsel Don McGahn, listens as he attends a confirmation hearing for Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington. Federal appellate judges are wrestling with whether courts should be refereeing a dispute between the House of Representatives and the Trump administration over the testimony of former White House counsel Don McGahn. A panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard arguments Friday over the House Judiciary Committee's effort to compel McGahn's testimony. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)

WASHINGTON - With an eye to impeachment, federal appellate judges struggled Friday with whether to grant House Democrats' demands for testimony from former White House counsel Don McGahn and access to secret grand jury materials from special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation.

The Democrats say both could be relevant to President Donald Trump's impeachment and could even lead to additional accusations against him. The administration argues that the testimony and the documents have nothing to do with the impeachment inquiry, which centres on Trump's efforts to press his Ukrainian counterpart to investigate a political rival and concerns activities that occurred after the Mueller investigation had concluded and McGahn had left his White House post.

It was not clear how two separate panels of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit would rule after arguments that stretched over several hours, even as Judge Thomas Griffith described Trump's order to not to co-operate with congressional investigations as “broad-scale defiance" that might be unprecedented in American history.

Griffith, an appointee of President George W. Bush, sat on both three-judge panels, one on the McGahn testimony and one on the grand jury material, and could be the decisive vote in each separation-of-powers struggle.

He seemed open to Trump administration arguments that courts should stay out of the “political food fight” between Congress and the White House over McGahn's testimony. Congress has other ways, outside of the courts, of working its will, including cutting off appropriations, stopping the confirmation of judges, even impeachment, Griffith said. “That's what the separation of powers means,” he said.

But he also appeared troubled by the administration's claim that McGahn and other close Trump advisers have absolute immunity from a congressional subpoena. Judge Judith Rogers, appointed by President Bill Clinton, signalled she shares that view. A trial judge ruled for the House, prompting the administration to appeal.

The House Judiciary Committee wants McGahn's testimony as it examines potential obstruction of justice by the Republican president during Mueller's Russia investigation. But it has held open the possibility that McGahn's testimony could be important in impeachment, even though the two articles of impeachment adopted last month by the House focus on Ukraine.

“It is the pattern of misconduct that could be relevant," Megan Barbero, a lawyer for the House, said.

Even if McGahn eventually shows up at the committee, it's unclear whether he would have much to say. Trump could assert executive privilege over some matters, though he allowed McGahn to talk extensively to Mueller's investigators.

“What happens then? You're back here?” Griffith asked.

Judge Karen Henderson, the third member of the McGahn panel, had only a few questions, although she indicated McGahn might have a strong interest in saying little to the committee to protect his conversations with Trump, his former client. Henderson is an appointee of President George H.W. Bush.

In the arguments over the grand jury materials, Rogers again seemed likely to side with the House, while Judge Neomi Rao, a Trump appointee, seemed to favour the administration. Griffith's views were harder to discern.

At issue is whether House Democrats can obtain grand jury testimony outlined in Mueller's 448-page report, which examined the Trump campaign's ties to Russia and whether the president sought to obstruct that investigation. The Justice Department appealed a judge's order from the fall directing it to produce that material.

Douglas Letter, the House's general counsel, said lawmakers are seeking a “discrete" disclosure, noting that the only material they want to review is testimony that Mueller thought relevant enough to the investigation that he included it in his report.

The House, Letter said, was not simply “just coming in (to court) and saying, 'Impeachment, we get everything.'"

Mark Freeman, the Justice Department lawyer, questioned the need for the information, noting that most of the information compiled in Mueller's report was presented without any redactions.

But Rogers questioned that argument, saying, “We all know that a single sentence can be devastating and can lead to exculpatory as well as incriminating evidence. The length and the percentage (of redactions) is not necessarily dispositive."

Testimony taken by grand juries are traditionally treated as secret, in part to protect the privacy of people who are not charged or who are considered peripheral to a criminal investigation. In certain cases, though, courts have authorized the disclosure of the information. The House Judiciary Committee received grand jury materials for its Watergate investigation in the 1970s.

Rao questioned whether courts had the authority to force one branch of government to turn over grand jury material to another branch. She appeared reluctant to rule in the House's favour on what she described as a “political question."

Letter, making the same essential argument as his colleague did in the McGahn subpoena case, said the courts are the proper place to resolve the dispute. The House theoretically has authority to dispatch its sergeant-at-arms to the Justice Department to collect the material and to engage in a “gun battle" if necessary, but that's not the ideal course of action, Letter said.

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