Former governor general Michaelle Jean is shown in Paris, France on Monday, April 16, 2018. Jean says Western countries must admit mistakes they've made in Haiti and pressure that country's elite to find a path out of an ongoing humanitarian crisis. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick

OTTAWA - Former governor general Michaëlle Jean says wealthy countries must admit mistakes they've made in Haiti and pressure that nation's elite to find a path out of an ongoing humanitarian crisis.

"What is endangered, at great risk, is the very national sovereignty of this country," Jean said in French during an extensive interview with The Canadian Press.

Jean said countries such as Canada need to take responsibility for ushering in debilitating policies in Haiti and deporting criminals who have sowed chaos in its capital, Port-au-Prince.

Jean was born in Haiti and was a UNESCO special envoy for that country after serving as Queen Elizabeth II's representative in Canadafrom 2005 to 2010.

Violent, feuding gangs have taken over the Haitian capital in recent months, sexually assaulting women and children and curtailing access to health care, electricity and clean water.

Hundreds have been killed and kidnapped by gangs who have filled a power vacuum in Haiti, which has not held elections since before the COVID-19 pandemic.

In July 2021, President Jovenel Moïse was assassinated after a crackdown on Haitian democratic institutions that Jean argued the West should have called out, instead of allowing Moïse to provide impunity to gangs.

"By destroying the country's institutions, and even in wanting to manipulate the constitution to stay in power — eventually, the monster started to grow much stronger and bigger, and Jovenel Moïse himself ended up being swallowed by this monster," she said.

Jean recalled years of protests over Moïse's consolidation of power and armed conflict between the country's armed forces and its national police.

"The public was fleeing in all directions under gunfire," Jean said. "The international community was looking in a different direction."

After his assassination, Canada joined the U.S., France and the UN in recognizing Moïse's unelected ally Ariel Henry as prime minister, who Jean said never had legitimacy in the eyes of the Haitian public.

"Here is the embarrassment in which the international community finds itself: they put in place a de facto prime minister that the population does not recognize as legitimate. Now we see the failure of this de facto government."

A year after he took over, as gangs ravaged the capital, Henry called for an international military intervention to allow for humanitarian aid and to create conditions safe enough to hold an election.

The U.S. supports the idea, arguing it could stem a growing migration crisis and prevent gangs from destabilizing the entire Caribbean.

Washington has said Canada would be an ideal country to lead such a force. But Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has responded that Ottawa will only act based on a political consensus of Haitians.

Jean said that means there must be a deal between Henry and the civil society groups who have demanded his resignation.

At the same time, she said she is baffled that the West hasn't condemned Henry after he rebuffed a request to speak to prosecutors about Moïse's assassination. Investigators had alleged that Henry spoke to the suspected killer multiple times hours after the murder.

Still, Jean said she supports the Liberals' decision to sanction 13 of Haiti's political and economic elite, saying it was one of the few times the people responsible for human trafficking and arms trade have been called out.

"Now, for the first time that sanctions have been imposed on these individuals, it's panic for them," said Jean.

The U.S. also sanctioned some of the same people, and Jean argued France should join them in applying pressure.

She also said rich countries need to own up to policies that have sowed instability in Haiti, from economic reforms that led to the collapse of agricultural sectors to turning a blind eye when leaders who support the U.S. undermine civil society.

"We want a Haitian solution, while we're doing dealings with political forces (that) have largely betrayed this population. We must stop doing so," she said.

"It takes humility," Jean added. "Haitians also recognize their own responsibility in this situation, which is bad governance."

Jean was among dozens of high-profile signatories to an open letter issued this week in French, with the title "Taken hostage, Haiti is dying."

The letter argues Haiti needs international help to avoid becoming a failed state.

The signatories include Senegalese President Macky Sall, who currently chairs the African Union, former UN under-secretary-general Adama Dieng and the former heads of government of Timor-Leste, Chad, Mali, Nigeria and the Central African Republic.

The letter notes that virtually the entire Haitian population descends from slaves brought from Africa, and that the country was the first to successfully overthrow a colonial government in 1804.

"The first Black republic, perhaps the most fragile within the family of nations, is short of food, drinking water, fuel, peace, justice," the letter reads.

When the country ousted the French, Paris imposed a crippling debt to compensate slaveowners. The country faced a series of invasions, corrupt governments and deforestation.

"These factors could only result in a failed state, fed for many decades with the adrenaline of violence and the jolts of anarchy and chaos," the letter reads.

"It is difficult to imagine the resolution of this Gordian knot without outside intervention," the letter reads, stressing that this might mean support for justice and governance systems instead of a military occupation.

Jean said that could mean building up institutions led by Haitians and providing technical support.

She said she witnessed RCMP and provincial officers provide training to local police that helped them prove more successful at weeding out crime than peers who had been instructed by UN peacekeepers.

"We cannot look at all this with fatalism and say that this country is cursed. It is not cursed. It carries within it men and women of very strong will, who have even worked very hard to find a Haitian solution — but who also realize that they cannot achieve it alone," she said.

The open letter strikes a similar tone.

"History will not be kind to those who remain inactive or who choose to look elsewhere," the letter warns.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Jan. 4, 2023.

News from © The Canadian Press, 2023